{"id":2641,"date":"2025-06-05T07:53:39","date_gmt":"2025-06-05T07:53:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theexchain.com\/?p=2641"},"modified":"2025-06-06T02:42:09","modified_gmt":"2025-06-06T02:42:09","slug":"1-%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%aa%d9%84-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theexchain.com\/ar\/1-%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%aa%d9%84-1\/","title":{"rendered":"1. \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2769bc14e8956ddb36abe4757e3814d7\" style=\"color:#3832cf\">1.1 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/strong>: \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \"\u0643\u062a\u0644\" \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \"\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629\". \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629 (\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629) \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0648 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0633\u0643\u0648\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631 \"\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0634\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\" \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 <strong>\"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646: \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\"<\/strong>. \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b682ab1363561b2da2f699cbdda6e48d\" style=\"color:#3832cf\"><br>1.2 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/strong>: \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 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https:\/\/theexchain.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/1749176856315-eb014b7c-cfb9-4a90-89ff-55739e158ee7@1024x1024-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/theexchain.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/1749176856315-eb014b7c-cfb9-4a90-89ff-55739e158ee7@1024x1024-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u062b\u0647\u0627<\/strong>:<br>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 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\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0629 (PoS)) \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \"\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629\" \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f (\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629) \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong>:<br>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong>:<br>\u0648\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0629 (PoW) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0632 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\"\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a\") \u0648\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 (\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a). \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0629 (PoS) \u0648\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636 (DPoS)\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-935d4d29612ca86dc348867a8122c367\" style=\"color:#3832cf\"><br>1.3 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 (Blockchain)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/strong>: \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong>:<br>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong>:<br>\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629) \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong>:<br>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646<\/strong>:<br>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631<\/strong>:<br>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 (\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629) \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/strong>:<br>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-65850ad3f9aa92b351e3fb2f8fb11e80\" style=\"color:#3832cf\"><br>1.4 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/strong>: \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645):<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong>:<br>\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0635\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 (\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 P2P)<\/strong>:<br>\u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639<\/strong>:<br>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0629). \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0622\u0645\u0646.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0632<\/strong>:<br>\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a) \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0646\u064a\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0635\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f<\/strong>:<br>\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0641\u062a\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/strong>:<br>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 (DApps) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a (DeFi) \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/strong>:<br>\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u061b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645). \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/strong>:<br>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646<\/strong>:<br>\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5d8d389d5f463c955cf81578c4a1a5ad\" style=\"color:#3832cf\"><br>1.5 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646: \u0645\u0646 1.0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 3.0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/strong>: \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 1.0: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 2.0: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 Ethereum\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0629 (DApps) \u0648DFi \u0648ICOs \u0648NFTs \u0648DAOs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 3.0 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631: \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b44ac2e6d6ac5ef734e2fc36988b8f7e\" style=\"color:#3832cf\"><br>1.6 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/strong>: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/strong>: \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong>: \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a<\/strong>: \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631<\/strong>: \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 NFTs).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong>: \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 TPS \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 (\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 PoW).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 (UX).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 2<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/strong>: \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/strong>: \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\/\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 (DID)<\/strong>: \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628 3 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0633<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1.1 Definition and Origin of Blockchain Learning Objective: Understand the fundamental definition of blockchain, its historical roots, and its close connection with Bitcoin. Definition: Blockchain is an advanced digital ledger technology that organizes and stores data in units called &#8220;blocks&#8221; and links these blocks sequentially using cryptographic principles to form a &#8220;chain&#8221;. This chain creates [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2791,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2641","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-academy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/theexchain.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2641","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/theexchain.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/theexchain.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theexchain.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theexchain.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2641"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/theexchain.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2641\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2792,"href":"https:\/\/theexchain.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2641\/revisions\/2792"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theexchain.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2791"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/theexchain.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2641"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theexchain.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2641"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theexchain.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2641"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}